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This web site page includes information on various topics.
You may ask why I have some apparently unrelated material in this web
site. Several reasons, it adds variety, some information
you might not easily find elsewhere on the internet, a means to play with search
engine operation, and maybe some additional education for you.
On 9 Nov 2003 using msn.com I did several searches with the following
results:
Note that results of a search vary from time to time because the search engine people
keep modifying their algorithms.
search words
this site's position
total sites
search words this site's position total sites
seedless tomato 38 6891
"seedless tomato" 16 29
seedless tomato gustafson 1 17
"seedless tomato" U of M 1 7
"seedless tomato" UofM 1 1
"seedless tomato" gustafson 1 1
Further on you will see the indirect connection of seedless
tomato to this site via Maurice Crommie and his connection to
the U of M Botany Dept. I believe that Dr. Felix Gustafson's
research on this tomato was done at the U of M. At this
point in time my information is second hand from my wife's memory. Using
msn.com you see that the only information on his research is
on our site. Old work that has never been entered in some
way on the internet is thus not found. Today may students do
much of their research on the internet and therefore may
be missing important fundamental information because they think
everything is on the internet. We have no expectation
that tomato will bring us any useful business, but if you search
CNC RS232 ETHERNET we come in fairly high in the result.
A search for N. P. PSYTAR produces no result except our
site. Yet this equipment was very important in the 1950s
in signal detectability research.
On 23 Nov 2003 I searched on Google and got the following results:
search words this site's position total sites
axle assembly drag torque unknown 18700
axle assembly "drag torque" 8th of left justified 57
"axle assembly" "drag torque" 4 6
axle assembly "case shim" 2 4
This is a good illustration of the power of double quotes.
Some other terms that we discuss later are "pinion bearing
preload", "differential bearing preload", "Hydra-Lok" a Dana
trademark, "tube press", "open cups", "TIR", "composite runout"
(run-out), and "total drag torque". Axles include on-road
(onroad), off-road (offroad), and construction industry types.
Of interest is the Jeep Rubicon axle. This Rubicon
axle makes it practical to have both front and rear axles lock
since it includes an air actuated clutch so that the differentials
can be locked on command, but otherwise when not actuated it
operates as a standard differential. This potentially
eliminates a problem with rear end limited slip on wet pavement
while turning corners. Also you normally never put a limited
slip in a front steering axle. In searching some may use
comm or com for communication.
The words "a priori" and "a posteriori" I first encountered
in a psychology class taught by Spike Tanner (Dr. Wilson P.
Tanner). He needed subjects ( that is -- human beings
) for experiments in signal detectability for work being
done at the UofM, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Electronic
Defense Group ( EDG ) and I became one of his subjects.
This was the spring semester of 53 and he learned that I was
an EE student and he wanted someone to build equipment for his
experiments. So he created a job for me that summer at
EDG.
Searching the internet for "Wilson P. Tanner" I found nothing
referencing his EDG nonclassified work. But I found
http://www.wwiivets.com/IssueXV/PearlHarbor.htm
referencing this name. Is this the same person I knew? Spike
I believe was in the Navy. If so he never mentioned the
following occasion. Quoting from this site --- Dec 7,
1941 --- " "At 0640 I received a Teletype from the
naval air station communication center which said, in effect,
Ensign Wilson P. Tanner had sighted and sunk an enemy submarine
one mile south of Pearl Harbor." According to Thomas
the messages, which were sent in code, caused some initial confusion.
One of the radiomen had attempted to alert Pearl Harbor that
they were under attach, Thomas said. But the reply came back,
"You guys must have had a wonderful Saturday night. Can't
you keep those drunk radiomen off the air on Sunday morning?"
". Sometime in the future more on Pearl Harbor. As
you probe the internet in different ways various bits of information
come together.
Here is a good illustration of making assumptions instead of
verifying information. The same problems exist today and illustrates
the failure to use a priori information (the knowledge that
existed prior to and early on 7 Dec 1941 in that event, like
3 am or the days and months before).
More on Spike Tanner. Further searching indicates that the PBY pilot
was an Ensign William P. Tanner. But relative to Spike Tanner's work
if you search on "W. P. Tanner" Swets, or "W. P. Tanner" Green, or
"W. P. Tanner" Birdsall, or "W. P. Tanner" Machol you will find many
references to his psychophysical work.
There may be more to Dec 7th as indicated in the site
http://www.independent.org/tii/news/001207Stinnett.html
However, if you read in the following site it provides a different
perspective. There seems to have been a great deal of information
available to the Pearl Harbor commanders. Maybe some immeadiate
information preceeding 7 December was not available, but at
least two or three significant items of information were essentially
ignored before 8 am. Considering the knowledge that an
attack from Japan was possible, possibly in early 1941 or earlier,
then the top command should have instructed subordaniates to
not ignore small bits of information. Signal detectability
theory should have been applied. This would have indicated
that a high false alarm rate would be acceptable to raise the
probability of a true positive. On my page 35 of a printout
of this site is a paragraph starting with:
:"4. On November 28, orders were issued to bomb unidentified
submarines found in the operating sea areas around Oahu. ......."
On my page 62 is refernce to "The "Code Destruction"
Intelligence". My page 69 --- "The "Mori
Call" ".
Page 70 detection of sub 0342 am. Although
this may have been a noisy signal (meaning not sure of a positive
detection) the information should have gone to the highest level.
By not doing so more noise was effectively added to the communication
channel. The sub is sighted and sunk about 0640 am.
Again the information was ignored. The sinking was not
noisy information. Page 72 on the Army Radar. To indicate a
large number of planes is again not a noisy signal. The
noise was again added in the communication channel to higher
command by ignoring the information.
These are only limited bits of information. To get the real
import you should read this site. This year, 2003, December
7 is again on Sunday.
www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_3.html
Along the way I built a machine for Spike Tanner that acquired
the name --- N. P. Psytar. This name was coined by Ted
Birdsall, a doctoral student at this time, working at EDG on
signal detectability. N. P. Psytar is an acronym for Noise
Programmed PSYchophysical Tester And Recorder, and although
it was a machine we actually received mail addressed to Dr.
N. P. Psytar. This machine included a true random number
generator based on white noise from a General Radio noise source
( white noise sounds like hiss ). There is no way a priori
that you can predict the numbers generated from this machine.
In contrast today when people describe random number generators
they are probably referring to what is known as a "pseudo
random" number generator. If you have the correct
a priori knowledge then pseudo random numbers are completely
predictable, but if that knowledge is withheld then they are
good random number generators. Secure communication (encryption)
is based on pseudo random sequences. If you know the sequence
a priori, then you can decode, if not it is noise.
The Electronics Defense Group was located in a locked area
on the fourth floor (top floor) of East Engineering in 1953
when I started there. In the fall of 53 the group moved
to Cooley Building on North Campus. This was the first
and only building at that time on North Campus. The roads
were gravel and dirt. EDG was renamed to Cooley Electronics
Laboratory somewhat later. The first written report on
N. P. Psytar was by me dated April 1954. My last list
shows nine reports were written on N. P. Psytar and Electronic
Random Number generation. The EDG work was under contract from
U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory Fort Monmouth,
N.J.
These were in the days of vacuum tubes. We had some major
limitations working with vacuum tubes. For example, I had
a substantial problem building a gating circuit for our audio
experiments that had virtually no switching transient induced
into the audio signal. This also meant no dc component.
In 1953 the point contact transistor ( Western Electric -- Bell
Labs ) existed and I had previously (1952), while on active
duty in the USNR at the Brooklyn Naval Ship Yard, been in a
group doing testing of these devices. I also built a
point contact transistor in my Brooklyn YMCA room and made it
oscillate in the summer of 52. But in 1952
the transistor was not a practical device. The point contact
transistor was interesting in that it had greater than unity
current gain, whereas, the junction transistor has just slightly
less than unity current gain. About 1953 the first commerical junction
transistors came into existence, now a practical transistor
existed because it could be manufactured with reasonable reproducibility,
and power transistors were possible. Also the junction transistor
led to the possibility of an integrated circuit. Today
it is easy to build the kind of gating circuit that I needed
in 1953. Try searching "first junction transistor". The early
ideas for it occured around 1948 to 1951.
"Wrap-around probability density distribution curve" and "waveform
tuning" are two terms I created at EDG.
Another interesting device is the Ignitron and how Westinghouse
kept the patent application extended over many years before patent
issue and thus produced maximum royalties.
Do you know that you can generally narrow your search results
by double quoting a string of words for a near exact match (
"double quote" is computer terminology for a quotation
mark ( " ) to distinguish it from "single quote"
which is an apostrophe ( ' ) ) ? For example,
the double quoted string "drag torque" will eliminate those
sites that do not have drag and torque together and in that
order, or at least put the unwanted sites lower in the
list. However, if you put your name in double quotes with
middle initial included, then usually the specific
value of the middle initial is ignored. There are many
differences between search engines. I find moderately
good results with msn.com and google.com, but there is a lot
of noise (unwanted clutter --- for example glossaries when you
want a product). We use the spelling "gage"
and "gaging" instead of "gauge" and "gauging" because it is
simpler, more common for electronic gaging, and is given greater
emphasis in Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary. This previous sentence
is for the sole purpose that if you use gauge instead of gage
when using a search engine that we should show up in the result.
E-mail us with information on your needs
at info@beta-a2.com
Please, no attachments.
Some
External Web Sites.
For your reference, the following are some interesting or useful
external links: Only a few of these load fast at "dial up" speed.
Such as: the trip report on Fadal and HAAS by Alan Frisbie,
and The "Cold War Warrior" by Maurice F. Crommie.
As of 031103-1300 all of the following sources linked,
and all returned with the Internet Explorer BACK function, at
least on first entry to the site.
Our E232 system has been in operation for many months at the
following site. LTEK has thousands of programs on a central
XP computer that is linked to 5 HAAS machines. Many of
these programs are never used more than once, but having the
large central storage capability these programs can be easily
retained and found in the future if needed. A very large
number of programs are used once or a few times, then modified.
This may occur many times for essentially the same part. All
programs are backed up on the central computer, however, some
may be left on the machines. There is only a limited amount
of space to store programs on the machines. By backing
up the programs on the central computer one can see the history
of a part that has under gone many revisions, and if a replacement
part is need from an old version the program is readily available.
Also this system reduces the clutter on the CNC machines and
generally makes more space and O numbers available. Many
programs are written or modified on the CNC machine and these
can be easily backed up, and therefore do get backed up.
There is a lot of time saving and error reduction thus achieved.
http://www.ltekindustries.com/
Source of metals, plastic, etc. --- ASAP Source has precut
stock and specials. Under their search you need to try entities
such as 6061, 7075, 4140, bronze, brass, abs, acetal, pvc, acrylic,
uhmw, hdpe, polycarbonate, and acetal for Delrin, polycarbonate
for Lexan, acrylic for Plexiglas, etc.
http://www.asapsource.com/
Source of CNC Application and Service Expertise in lower Michigan, Burke A. Mitchell, Consultant.
http://www.yourcnc.com/
Source of office supplies.
http://www.office1000.com/
A source for a solution to virtually eliminate unscheduled downtime due to
cable failure. US Patent # 6,443,016. And a source for custom cables.
http://www.sinelli-systems.com/
Source of "form taps" good taps but web site hard to use.
http://www.osgtool.com/
Source of drills.
http://www.precisiontwistdrill.com/
A useful coolant --- Blasocut 2000 Universal Art 870.
http://www.blaser.com/
Thinbit
http://www.kaisertool.com/
Taps, etc. EMUGE has a large printed tap drill chart. I can
not find reference to this chart on the web site, but at
least the web site gives you contact information.
http://www.emuge.com/
An ASCII Alphabet table showing ASCII conversion to Decimal,
Hexadecimal, Octal, and HTML
http://www.asciitable.com/
Discussion of a 1997 tour of HAAS and Fadal plants by Alan
Frisbie.
http://www.yarchive.net/metal/cnc_tour.html
Frequently asked questions. Some useful parts are:
--- Ethernet pin assignments section
3.8 and 3.9.
--- Propagation delay section 3.11.
--- Physical layer section 3.1.
--- IEEE Specifications section 2.5.
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/LANs/ethernet-faq
Discussion on HUB, SWITCH, and ROUTER
http://www.ovislink.com/
then pick SWITCH/HUB or ROUTER
A switch source (for example EF3116)
http://www.linksys.com/
Another switch source (for example series 2950)
http://www.cisco.com/<br>
For axle people. This Dana site has some useful information.
In definitions they do NOT define "case" but DO define
"carrier". I have found that in some other internet
sites that "carrier" is being incorrectly used. In a site
I found the author calling the case the carrier. Dana
has the correct units for torque in definitions, but NOT in
the ENGLISH/METRIC CONVERSION TABLE (Pound-feet or pound-foot
is correct in the English system. Whereas foot-pounds is a unit
of work or energy.).
http://www.cyber-fish.com/fordeec/light_axle_service.pdf
A source of comments on machine interface problems is
http://www2.i-logic.com/serial/dnc-problems.htm
At the University of Michigan one of my professors was Harry
Goode. He and Bob Machol wrote the book on System Engineering. The
Systems Engineering class was where I first encountered the
word "ergodic". Thus the connection to this E232
web site. Monotonic is a word I picked up along the way but
I do not remember the source. Monotonic is useful in describing
problems with A to D converters.
Relative to the material I have written here I went searching
for information about Harry Goode and came across the following
web site. I found very little reference to Harry Goode
on the internet, even though he was a big part of the U of M
Willow Run Laboratories, the Electronics Defense Group of the
Electrical Engineering Department (where I worked), Bendix Aerospace,
and the U of M Electrical Engineering Faculty.
Other connections I have to the following site are: my wife
was a biology student in the Botany Department in the fifties,
a research assistant to Dr. Felix Gustafson ( the inventor of
the seedless tomato ), Dr. Jones was head of botany
at that time, and Dr. Sussman had just joined the department.
Inventor may be the incorrect word here, rather it might be
better to say that Dr. Gustafson did research where he prevented
pollination of a tomato plant, then applied growth hormone and
produced a tomato with no seeds. This is not likely a
practical process to produce many such tomatoes. My wife's
work for Gustafson, mid to later part of 50's, consisted of
growing bean plants, feeding them radioactive elements, then
cutting the plants into different sections, and measuring the
relative radioactivity in the different parts to estimate the
relative distribution of the elements in the plants.
Ginkgo trees are interesting and my wife acquired
some seeds from another tree in town, not Dr. Sussman's.
To get the connection you need to read this site by Maurice
Crommie (a very interesting writer), tomatoes are not there,
the ginkgo is, but incorrectly spelled and therefore I have
to give you that incorrect spelling ( ginko ) so search engines
will find us with that spelling. Note, ginkgo trees can grow
to 130 feet and 1000 years old. Our tree would imply that they
grow very straight.
In my axle pictures is shown her ginkgo result (dial up takes
5 minutes or more to load the axle pictures).
You may find the following site interesting which is one of
many stories about the industrial military complex. Another
is a very limited edition book by my brother in law Adelbert
T. Tweedie. He worked at Dow Chemical, Aerojet General,
Union Carbide, and GE. Other than Dow he was in aerospace.
At Aerojet and Union Carbide it was solid propellants, and at
GE spacecraft materials. A copy is in the Library of Congress.
This mcrommie site is not found if WWW. is included. Unfortunately this
site has disappeared from the Internet.
http://sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu/~mcrommie/aerospace.html/
A source of small ginkgo trees is
http://www.2shoptrees.net/
Leap year, several references. This was a big issue several years ago because
many computer algorithms for date were wrong. One reference I found at that time
was "The Handy Space Answer Book", see Calendar p 256. Some side bits --- Columbus
discovered America in 1492 on October 12 (Ann Arbor library reference section said
that October 12 was in Columbus' log). This was under the Julian calendar. From
the Space Book p258 "By 1582, under the Julian calendar, the beginning of spring"
(vernal equinox) "had moved back to March 11 ---". The Gregorian calendar introduced
a 10 day shift and eliminated leap years on those centuries not evenly divisible by
400. Thus, 1600, 2000, 2400, etc. are leap years, but not the intervening centuries.
Under the Julian calendar the autumnal (fall) equinox was approximately Sept.
13 or 14 in 1492. Thus, Columbus arrived about 28 days after the equinox. Someone
can research this and give me an exact value. So if we count days from the equinox
this year, then a more accurate date relative to the seaons would be 22 October.
George Washington's birthday, 1732, brings up a different aspect. By the way, how
do you remember 1732, this is the square root of 3 and Washington's birthday. From
my high school physics teacher, Max Irland. Generally in the English world the
Gregorian calendar was not adopted until Sept. 3/14 1752. (Funk & Wagnalls under
calander) Washington was born Feb. 11, 1732 under the Julian calendar, and Feb. 22
under the Gregorian Calendar. Some internet sites can be found from
( but site is not working 14 March 2004)
http://www.scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/LeapYear.html
Try searching for Howard H. Aiken on msn. Some time later
I will comment on him.
Note 1:
If a search engine brings you to this site and you do not know
why, then (1) pick EDIT at the top of this window, then FIND and
specify search words; or if this does not work then (2) save this
page to a file on your computer (under FILE
you would use SaveAs) and after saving, then open the file with
a word processor and search for the words individually that
you used in your search engine search. For example in
msn.com the words --- gustafson tomato --- will bring up this
site and this page of this site. So you would first search for
gustafson or tomato and look around those locations. You
can also try --- axle assembly ginkgo ---. Dial
up loading of the axle photos will take 5 minutes or longer
and the ginkgo tree pictures are at the end of these pictures.
Pick If_search to return to beginning.
Note 2: Numerous things we do in this web site are to
help make search engines do useful work for you. There
are hundreds, if not more, words in this site page that
search engines index. If under msn.com you search for
"seedless tomato" gustafson
you will find our site. And I believe that none of the
other sites reference Dr. Felix Gustafson as the inventor of
the seedless tomato.
What I find in searching the internet is that much old information
is not found and may not be on the internet. There is
little information on Willow Run Laboratories, yet this is where
side-looking radar was developed, and thru the Radiation Lab
where much of the basic work that led to stealth planes was
developed. If you search "Willow
Run Laboratories" University of Michigan you
find a few references. However, there was a vast amount
of work done there. I have not found copies of unclassified
reports on signal detectability by Spike Tanner either.
You might not remember how you got to this site in the future,
but you might remember "seedless tomato" which under an msn.com
search we occur within the first two pages. Or if
you also remember "seedless tomato"
UofM no spaces in uofm and search
on it, then we come in first.
Note 3:
Funny stuff ---Actual Newspaper Headlines Extracted From Papers in 2003:
This is copied from other locations on the Internet. There are many such locations.
"1. Crack Found on Governor's Daughter
2. Something Went Wrong in Jet Crash, Expert Says
3. Police Begin Campaign to Run Down Jaywalkers
4. Iraqi Head Seeks Arms
5. Is There a Ring of Debris around Uranus
6. Prostitutes Appeal to Pope
7. Panda Mating Fails; Veterinarian Takes Over
8. Teacher Strikes Idle Kids
9. Miners Refuse to Work after Death
10. Juvenile Court to Try Shooting Defendant
11. War Dims Hope for Peace
12. If Strike Isn't Settled Quickly, It May Last Awhile
13. Cold Wave Linked to Temperatures
14. Enfield Couple Slain; Police Suspect Homicide
15. Red Tape Holds Up New Bridges
16. Typhoon Rips Through Cemetery; Hundreds Dead
17. Man Struck By Lightning Faces Battery Charge
18. New Study of Obesity Looks for Larger Test Group
19. Astronaut Takes Blame for Gas in Spacecraft
20. Kids Make Nutritious Snacks
21. Local High School Dropouts Cut in Half
22. Hospitals are Sued by 7 Foot Doctors"
Note 1:
If a search engine brings you to this site and you do not know
why, then save this page to a file on your computer (under FILE
you would use SaveAs) and after saving, then open the file with
a word processor and search for the words individually that
you used in your search. For example if
the words --- drag torque --- bring up this
site and this page of this site, then you would first search for
drag or torque and look around those locations.
Pick If_search to return to beginning.
Copyright©
2003, 2004, 2005 Gordon A. Roberts All
rights reserved. 050128-1032
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